The USA is made up of fifty states and one independent district – the district of Columbia. The DC is the territory of national capital of the USA with its own laws and regulations. It is situated on both banks of the Potomac river. This place was chosen by the first American president George Washington. The place was called the district of Columbia in honor of Columbus, the discover of America, and the capital got the name of Washington after the name of its founder. The buildings in Washington are not very tall because no building must be taller than the Capitol. Washington’s government buildings include the White House and the Capitol. The White House is the official home of the US president. The Capitol is the building where the US Congress meets. In Washington DC there are no industry. It is a political, administrative, cultural and educational centre. There are many museums and art galleries in Washington.
Washington museums and art galleries are among the finest in the world. The Smithsonian institution, a scientific and cultural organization sponsored by the US government, consists of different museums. The museum of History and Technology has the collection of First Ladies’ Gowns. The National Gallery of Art houses a wonderful collection of American and European Art. There are some halls devoted to Andrew Wyet – one of the prominent living American painters. He was born in 1917. The son of illustrator – Andrew is the leading member of the dynasty of painters that includes his sisters, their husbands and his own two sons. He won fame at the age of 12 for his illustrations of "Robin Hood". He was 20 when he first exhibited his paintings. Andrew studied with his father and was strongly influenced by him. His father’s style of illustration expresses sentimentality. But very early the young artist gravitated a way from his teacher. Wyet’s style is both precise and minute in detail, he is a realist influenced by photography. He painted portraits, landscapes, seascapes and domestic scenery. His favorite media are tempera and water colors. His works are easily recognized by dimly lit and deserted landscapes in tones of grey and brown which convey the feeling of loveliness and solitude. His famous works are "Christina’s world" and "Inland shell".

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland occupies territory of the British Isles which are situated to the north-west of Europe. They consist of two main islands: Great Britain and Ireland. England is in the south of the island of Great Britain, Scotland is in the north and Wales is in the west. Northern Ireland is situated in the north-eastern part of Ireland. Its western coast is washed by the Atlantic Ocean. In the east the island of Great Britain is washed by the North Sea. The Irish Sea, the North Channel and the St. George’s Channel separate Ireland from Great Britain. Great Britain is separated from France by the English Channel, which is 32 km wide in its narrowest part. In everyday speech “Great Britain” is used to mean the UK.
The climate of Britain is usually described as cool, temperate and humid. As the weather changes with a wind, and Britain is visited by winds from different parts of the world, the most characteristic feature of Britain’s weather is its variability. Summers are not hot and winters are not cold in Britain. The snow never lies for long on the ground. As a rule there is no ice on the waters of rivers and lakes. So we may say that the British climate has 3 main features: it is mild, humid and changeable. That means that it’s never too hot or too warm.
Weather changes very often.
English is the official, but not the only language used in the country.
Britain has been many centuries in the making. The Romans conquered most part of Britain, but were unable to subdue the fiercely independent tribes in the West and in the North. Further waves of invaders followed: Angels, Saxons, Jutes, Vikings and Normans. All these contributed to the mixture we call English. For many centuries this country was known simply as England. It had a strong army and navy. It waged numerous colonial wars. England, once the “work shop of the world”, was the first to become a highly industrial country.
There are no big rivers in Great Britain. The biggest are Severn and Thames. The Severn in England is the longest river. It is 350 kilometers long. It flows south – west into the Irish Sea. There are a lot of mountains in Great Britain, but they are nit high. The highest mountain - Ben Nevis - is in Scotland. The flora of the British Isles is much varied and the fauna is similar to that of the north-west of Europe. The country is not very rich in natural resources but there were suffice for the Industrial Revolution to start.

Bu proyektda qatnashishdan maqsadim ko`proq izlanish, bilimimga bilim qo`shishdir. Bu proyektga meni Nazarova Muqaddasxon oya qiziqtirib qo`ydilar. Men bu proyektda asosan davlatlar haqida yazyapman. Chunki har bir davlatni boshqa davlatdagilar ham bilish kerak. Bu pryektga qatnashishni boshlaganimdan keyin, men faqat shu proyekt bilan band bo`lib qoldim. Bu proyektga qatnaganimdan keyin men izlana boshladim. Endi bundan buyog`iga men boshqa do`stlarimga ham shu proyektda qatnashihsni tavsiya qilaman.
Nazarova Muqaddasxon oya menga bu proyektda qatnashishni tavsiya qilmaganlarida men bu proyektda qatnashmas edim. Men bu proyektda doimiy qatnashaman deb so`z beraman. www.takingiglobal.org saytini ochganingiz uchun kottakon rahmat.

G'AFUR G'ULOM (1903-1966)

O'zbek adabiyotining yirik namoyandasi, O'zbekiston xalq shoiri, akademik G'afur G'ulom hayoti va ijodi to'g'risidagi umumiy ma'lumotni Siz awalgi sinflardan yaxshi bilasiz. Shunday bo'lsa-da, bu ijodkor tarjimayi holiga oid ayrim tafsilotlarni eslab o'tsak, foydadan xoli bo'lmaydi.
G'afur G'ulom 1903-yilning 10-may kuni azim Toshkentning Qo'rg'ontegi mahal-lasida, kambag'al oilada dunyoga keldi. U to'qqiz yoshga yetganda otasi vafot etadi. Oradan hech qancha vaqt o'tmay onasidan ham ayriladi.
Ota-onadan yetim qolgan bu kabi bolalar taqdiriga achinadigan, ularning boshini silaydigan odam u paytlari kamdan-kam topiJardi. Chunki hamma Birinchi jahon urushi tufayli abgor holga kelgan o'z ro'zg'ori tashvishi bilan ovora edi. Siz o'sha kunlar nafasini 6-sinfda o'qiganingiz — «Shum bola» qissasi orqali yaxshi his qilgansiz, albatta.
G'afurjon avval ibtidoiy maktabda, keyin esa, yaqin qarin-doshlari ko'magi bilan, rus-tuzem maktabida xat-savodini chiqaradi. Muallimlar tayyorlaydigan kurslarni bitirib, maktablarda dars beradi.
1917-yildagi oktabr to'ntarishi bilan boshlangan bosh-boshdoqlik, ochlik muhiti shundoq ham ko'payib ketgan yetim-yesir bolalar sonini yanada oshirgandi. Hukumat majbur bo'lib, bunday bolalarni o'z qaramog'iga olar, ulardan sho'ro hukumatiga xizmat qiladigan kadrlarni tayyorlashga umid bog'lardi. 1923-yildan G'afur G'ulom mana shunday yetim bolalar uyida tarbiyachi, hatto bir muddat mudir bo'lib ham xizmat qiladi.
Yozish-chizish ishlariga tug'ma iqtidori bo'lgan G'afur G'ulom o'z davrining mashhur nashrlari bo'lmish gazeta va jurnallar bilan yaqin aloqa o'rnatadi, tahririyatlarda xizmat qiladi. O'sha yillari «Kambag'al dehqon», «Qizil O'zbekiston», «Sharq haqiqati» singari gazetalarda, «Mushtum» jurnalida uning yuzlab katta-kichik maqolalari, felyetonlari bosiladi.
O'zining iste'dodi adabiy ijodda ko'proq namoyon bo'lishini sezgan G'afur G'ulom davrning yangi urfga kirayotgan she'riy shakllari (barmoq, sarbast) da ko'p mashqlar qOadi. Buning hosilasi bo'lib, I dastlabki she'riy to'plami 1931-yilda «Dinamo» nomi ostida chop etiladi. 1932-yilda esa «Tirik qo'shiqlar» degan ikkinchi to'plami jtnashr qilindi.
I Albatta, bu kichik to'plamlarga jamlangan ko'pchilik she'riar o'z Idavri mafkurasining kuchli ta'siridan xoli bo'lmagan. Aksariyat tizmalar zamonning o'tkinchi mavzulariga bag'ishlangan. Ularda sho'ro hukumati barcha joyda targ'ib qiladigan mavzular she'riy shaklga solingan, she'rlarning badiiy darajasi ham u qadar yuksak emas edi. Shunga qaramasdan, bu urinishlar izsiz ketmadi. Sekin-asta G'afur G'ulom ijodida milliy rah ifodasi kuchli namoyon bo'lishi, u she'riyatda hali qo'l urib ko'rilmagan badiiy usullardan dadil foydalana olish qobiliyatiga ega ekani tna'lum bo'la bordi. Garchi, yuqorida aytilganidek, davr mafkurasi ta'siri sezilib tursa-da, masalan, «Turksib yo'llarida», «Yalovbardorlikka» singari o'nlab she'rlari o'zining ohori to'kilmagan topilmalari, lirik pafosi, kuchli samimiyati bilan o'quvchini o'ziga jalb qilar edi. Bunday xulosani i 1930—1935-yillar oralig'ida liro-epik janrda yaratilgan «Ko'kan» I poemasi, «To'y», «Ikki vasiqa» balladalari to'g'risida ham aytish I mumkin. Jahon va milliy adabiyotimiz tarixini kuzatib bir qonuniyatni I o'zingiz uchun kashf etgan bo'lsangiz, ajab emas. U ham bo'lsa, I aksariyat ijodkorlar adabiyotning muayyan bir yo'nalishidagi ijodiy I yutuqlari bilan ko'proq dovrag' qozonganidir. Ya'ni, kimdir I she'riyatda, kimdir nasrda, boshqa bir ijodkor esa dramaturgiyada I o'zini erkin his qiladi, ijodiy qanotlarini keng yozadi. Xuddi shu tufayli ham Lev Tolstoy, Fyodor Mixaylovich Dostoyevskiy, I Abdulla Qodiriy, Abdulla Qahhor deganimizda ko'z oldimizda epik I (nasriy) janr ustalari namoyon bo'lsa, Sergey Yesenin, Abdulla [ To'qay, Usmon Nosir, Hamid Olimjon nomi tilga olinganda, f beixtiyor, she'r musiqasi qulog'imizga chalinadi... G'afur G'ulom misolida esa bu yozilmagan qonuniyatning har | doim ham amal qilavermasligiga guvoh bo'lamiz. Ya'ni, G'afur [ G'ulom ham she'riy, ham nasriy janrlarda birdek muvaffaqiyat I bilan qalam tebratdi, har ikki yo'nalishda o'zidan nodir namunalar | qoldirdi.
Uning XX asrning 30-yillarida yaratgan «Netay», «Yodgor», I «Tirilgan murda», «Shum bola» singari qissalari, o'nlab hikoyalari milliy prozamizning rivojida beqiyos rol o'ynadi.
I Ikkinchi jahon urushi voqealari, ko'rguliklari G'afur G'ulom qalbida o'chmas iz qoldirdi. Agar u Birinchi jahon urushi yillarida bolaligiga borib, urushning butun dahshati va asoratlarini to'liq his qila olmagan bo'lsa, yangi urushni va uni qo'zg'aganlarni ijodkor o'zining shaxsiy, ashaddiy dushmani deb bildi. Shu yillari shoirning «Sen yetim emassan», «Oltin medal», «Kuzatish», «Vaqt», «Sog'inish», «Bizning ko'chada ham bayram bo'lajak», «Men — yahudiy» singari torn ma'nodagi mumtoz she'rlari dunyoga keldi.
Shoir urush yillarida yozilgan she'rlari jamlangan «Sharqdan kelayotirman» to'plami uchun 1946-yilda Davlat mukofotiga sazovor bo'ladi. G'afur G'ulomga, o'zbek fani va madaniyati rivojiga qo'shgan ulkan hissasi inobatga olinib, ijodkor do'sti Oybek bilan birga akademik unvoni ham berilgan edi (1943-yil).
G'afur G'ulom urushdan keyingi yillarda ham faol ijod qildi. lining mumtoz va zamonaviy adabiyot bilimdoni sifatida yozgan maqolalarini, turmushning turli jabhalariga о id publitsistik chiqishlarini, felyeton va kulgili hikoyalarini xalq jon-dili bilan kutib olar, shoirga hamma joyda yuksak e'zoz ko'rsatilar edi. G'afur G'ulom 1963-yilda «O'zbekiston xalq shoiri» unvoniga sazovor bo'lgandi.
Yuqorida aytilganidek, G'afur G'ulomning hayoti va ijodiy faoliyati bir tekis, sokin-osoyishta kechmadi. U zamonning, mafkuraning kuchli tazyiqlariga birda bas kelsa, birda u bilan hisoblashishga majbur bo'lgan edi. Bu ko'rgiliklar ijodkor qalbiga bitmas jarohatlar yetkazar, u o'ylagan, his qilgan barcha haqiqatlarini ochiq-oshkora yozolmaslikdan benihoya iztirobga tushar edi. Bu iztiroblar esa shoir ko'nglinigina emas, vujudini ham ichdan kemirib borar, u 60 yoshga yetar-yetmas, mo'ysafid qiyofasiga kirib qolgan edi.
Shu tariqa, 1966-yil 10-iyul kuni o'zbek adabiyoti yana bir buyuk namoyandasidan ayrildi — G'afur G'ulom 63 yoshida og'ir xastalik tufayli vafot etdi.
Mustaqillik yillarida G'afur G'ulom xotirasi va merosiga katta diqqat-e'tibor qaratilmoqda. 2003-yilda adib tavalludining 100 yilligi Respublikamiz miqyosida keng nishonlandi. Toshkent shahridagi istirohat bog'laridan biriga uning nomi berilib, muazzam haykali o'rnatildi. G'afur G'ulom qissa va hikoyalari asosida qator spektakllar, badiiy va videofilmlar yaratildi. Uning nomi metro bekatini, ko'plab ko'chalar va xiyobonlarni bezab turibdi.
O'zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining Farmoni bilan G'afur G'ulomga «Buyuk xizmatlari uchun» ordeni berilgan.

Ispaniya.

Ispaniya Yevropaning chetki janubi-g’arbiy burchagida joylashgan va Yevropa davlatlari tizimida muhim setrategik bo’g’inni tashkil etadi. U uzoq vaqt davomida Osiyo, Afrika va Lotin Amerikasida ulkan imperiyani barpo etib yirik mustamlakachi davlat bo’lib keldi. Ispan mustamlakalari XIX asr oxirida mamlakatda hukumron ijtimoiy kuchga va siyosiy hay-otdagi eng ta’sirdor omilga aylangan yirik ispan pomeshchiklari- Latifundistlarini boyitib turadi.
Latfundistlar hukumronligi asosan ikkita kattta kuchga- hukumron armiyaga va katalog cherkoviga tayanardi. Zadogon oilalarning yirik Latifundistlarning vakillaridan iborat zobitlar korpusi o’zini qaror topgan tartiblar qo’riqchisi hisoblar va har qanday ilg’or o’zgarishlarga intilishlari mamlakat milliy manfaatlariga daxl qilish sifatida baholab ularga barham beradi. 1916-1917- yillarda armiyada “harbiy xuntalar “ tarmog’I yuzaga keldiki, ular mamlakatda harbiy diktatura o’rnatish rejalarini tuzib yurishardi.Ushbu xuntalar XX asrda mamlakat siyosiy hayotiga armiyaning tez-tez aralashuvi vositasiga aylandi.
Ispanlar asosiy ko’pchiligi katoliklar edi shu boisdan katolik cherkovi mamlakat siyosiy hayotida muhim rol o’ynardi katolik cherkovi diniy ishlar bilan cheklanib qolmasdan o’z ijtimoiy asosini mustahkamlashga intilgan holda dunyoviy ishlarga ham aralashardi Katoliklar kasaba uyushmalari, o’zaro yordam kassalari, shirkatlar tuzdilar. 1919-yilda esa cherkov nazorati va raxbarkigi ostida katolik agrar federatsiyasi tashkil etidi. Bu federatsiya agrariylarga – yirik zamindorlar, dehqon – mulkdorlar, ijarachilar va qirollarga kuchli ta’sir tosh otar edi federatsiya qishloq xo’jaligida koservatizmning tayanchiga aylandi va agrar islohotlariga qarshi chiqdi. Dehqonlar katolik cherkovining eng sodiq tarafdorlari va mamlakatdagi konservativ kuchlarning tayanchi edi.
Barcha ush bu kuchlarning kokimiyati monaxiyada mujassamlashgandir 1874 –yildan Ispaniya taxtini Burbonlar sulolasining hukumronlari egallab, 1931- yilgacha hokum surishdi. To’g’ri ularda hech qanday hokimlik vakolatlari yo’q edi. Ispan qirollari ko’p jihatdan ingliz qirollariga o’xshardi. Bu erda ham hokimyat amalda Angiliyadagi kabi yirik zamindor zodagonlar va Birinchi jahon urushi davrida ulg’aygan, mustahkamlangan burjuaziya qo’lida edi.
Ispaniya tabiiy qazilmalar- ko’mir, temir, simop, uran, marganits, mis va boshqalarning noyop zaxiralariga ega. Ushbu boyliklar birinchi jahon urushi davrida ingiliz va fransuz sarmoyadorlarining diqqatini jalb etadi ispan pomeshchiklariga foydali qazilmalar mavjud erlarni chet ellik sarmoyadorlarga sotish foydali edi. Shu tariqa ispaniya sanoatinig barcha muhim tarmoqlari xorij kapitali- ingiliz, fransuz, nemis, italyan, kanadalik, amerikalik belgiyaliklar qo’liga o’tdi ispaniyadan xom ashyo va oziq ovqat olib ketish bo’yicha Germaniya birinchi o’rinni egalladi